Comparative Epidemiological Assessment of Infectious and Parasitic Disease in Large Ruminants Across Coastal and Central Bangladesh: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of infectious and parasitic diseases in large ruminants (cattle and buffaloes) across two contrasting agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh namely the coastal district of Patuakhali and the central district of Narsingdi. Data were collected from Upazila Veterinary Hospital records between March and July 2024, covering 240 clinical cases (84.16% cattle, 15.83% buffalo). Statistical analysis was performed using R software. The overall prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases was 45.63% and 38.75% in central and coastal regions, respectively. Parasitic diseases were more frequent in Patuakhali (52%), while infectious diseases were predominant in Monohordi (51%). Although statistical differences were not significant (p=0.7), clear spatial and host-related variations were observed. The highest bacterial disease prevalence was recorded for mastitis (12.5%), while lumpy skin disease (17.5%) was the most common viral infection. Female and crossbred animals were more susceptible to infections (p<0.05). Animals between the ages of 0 and 36 months are more vulnerable to viral disease, whereas animals above 36 months are more susceptible bacterial infection. Mite and fascioliasis were more common parasitic infections.  Seasonally, disease occurrence peaked during monsoon (July of the year), aligning with high humidity and waterlogging. These findings provide essential baseline data for region-specific disease surveillance and control programs, emphasizing the need for integrated health management strategies for large ruminants in Bangladesh.